Eye health resources

A severe corneal infection caused by Acanthamoeba.

Causes: Non-sterile water or contact lenses.

Symptoms: Severe discomfort, light sensitivity and corneal ulcers.

Treatment: Prolonged antimicrobial treatment; corneal transplantation.

Severe retinal inflammation caused by herpes viruses.

Symptoms: Eye discomfort and reduced vision.

Treatment: Antivirals and laser.

An adenovirus infection of the cornea and conjunctiva.

Symptoms: Redness, tearing and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Lubricants and corticosteroids.

One pupil larger than the other, reacting slowly to light.

Causes: Autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

Symptoms: Blurred near vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Reading glasses.

Clouding of the lens associated with ageing.

Causes: Ageing, diabetes, trauma and UV exposure.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, glare and difficulty seeing at night.

Treatment: Surgery with an intraocular lens.

Retinal degeneration associated with ageing.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and difficulty seeing in dark surroundings.

Treatment: Visual aids and intravitreal injections.

Allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Causes: Pollen, dust or animal hair.

Symptoms: Intense itching, redness and tearing.

Treatment: Antihistamines, mast-cell stabilisers and steroids.

An inflammatory skin reaction to allergens.

Symptoms: Redness, itching and blisters.

Treatment: Avoiding the allergen and topical steroids.

Temporary loss of vision in one eye.

Causes: A temporary reduction in retinal blood flow due to emboli or vascular problems.

Symptoms: Sudden, temporary loss of sight lasting seconds to minutes.

Diagnosis: Urgent eye assessment and vascular investigations.

Treatment: Anticoagulants or vascular procedures.

Reduced vision in one eye during childhood (lazy eye).

Causes: Strabismus, differences in refractive error or visual obstruction.

Symptoms: Reduced vision in one eye.

Diagnosis: A paediatric vision examination.

Treatment: Patching the dominant eye or vision therapy.

Glaucoma caused by traumatic damage to the drainage angle.

Symptoms: Elevated pressure and peripheral vision loss.

Treatment: Medication, laser or surgery.

Acute optic nerve damage due to vascular inflammation.

Symptoms: Sudden, painless vision loss.

Treatment: Immediate corticosteroids.

A refractive error caused by irregular corneal curvature.

Symptoms: Distorted vision and eye strain.

Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.

A combination of astigmatism and presbyopia.

Symptoms: Blurred vision at all distances and eye strain.

Treatment: Multifocal glasses or refractive surgery.

Chronic skin inflammation with itching.

Symptoms: Intense itching, dry skin and redness.

Treatment: Emollients and topical steroids.

Chronic inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva associated with atopy.

Symptoms: Intense itching, redness and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Antihistamines and corticosteroids.

Age-related macular degeneration (dry AMD).

Symptoms: Progressively reduced central vision.

Treatment: Antioxidant vitamin supplements.

Bacterial inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Causes: Staphylococci or streptococci.

Symptoms: Purulent discharge and redness.

Treatment: Topical antibiotics.

An acute bacterial infection of the cornea.

Causes: Corneal injuries or contact lenses.

Symptoms: Pain, redness, discharge and reduced vision.

Treatment: Intensive antibiotic eye drops.

The most common type of malignant eyelid tumour.

Causes: UV exposure, genetic factors and ageing.

Symptoms: A nodular or ulcerated lesion.

Treatment: Surgical excision or radiotherapy.

A multisystem inflammatory disease involving recurrent uveitis.

Symptoms: Uveitis and oral and genital ulcers.

Treatment: Steroids and immunosuppressants.

A genetic disease involving abnormal accumulation in the macula.

Causes: Mutations in the BEST1 gene.

Symptoms: Reduced central vision.

Treatment: Monitoring; laser treatment.

Chronic inflammation of the eyelids.

Causes: Meibomian gland dysfunction or infection.

Symptoms: Itching, swelling, redness and crusting.

Treatment: Regular eyelid cleaning, lubricating drops and antibiotics.

Recurrent episodes of eyelid swelling with thinning of the skin.

Symptoms: Drooping eyelids and loss of elasticity.

Treatment: Blepharoplasty in advanced cases.

Combined inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva.

Causes: Bacterial infections or allergies.

Symptoms: Itching, redness and discharge.

Treatment: Topical antibiotics and lubricating drops.

Dysfunction of the superior oblique muscle.

Symptoms: Restricted upward eye movement.

Treatment: Observation or surgery.

Calcium deposition in the cornea.

Causes: Kidney failure or chronic inflammation.

Symptoms: Reduced vision and a foreign-body sensation.

Treatment: Chemical chelation or surgery.

Infection of the tear canaliculi.

Causes: Bacteria (often Actinomyces), fungi or viruses.

Symptoms: Redness, swelling and purulent discharge.

Treatment: Antibiotics or antifungals; curettage may be needed.

A benign tumour of the eyelid capillaries in infants.

Symptoms: Reddish-purple swelling.

Treatment: Steroids or laser treatment.

An abnormal connection between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus.

Causes: Head trauma.

Symptoms: Pulsating exophthalmos, redness and tinnitus.

Treatment: Endovascular procedures.

Coexisting cataract and glaucoma.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and eye discomfort.

Treatment: Combined surgery.

Blockage of the central retinal artery.

Causes: Emboli or thrombi.

Symptoms: Sudden, painless vision loss.

Treatment: An emergency; ocular massage and medication.

Blockage of the central retinal vein.

Causes: Hypertension, diabetes or glaucoma.

Symptoms: Progressive blurred vision.

Treatment: Intravitreal injections or laser.

Fluid accumulation beneath the retina.

Causes: Stress or corticosteroids.

Symptoms: Distorted vision and altered colour perception.

Treatment: Often self-limiting; laser or medication in severe cases.

Fluid accumulation beneath the retina.

Causes: Stress or corticosteroids.

Symptoms: Distorted vision and metamorphopsia.

Treatment: Observation or laser.

Abnormal dilation of a cerebral artery.

Causes: Vascular weakness, hypertension, smoking and genetic factors.

Symptoms: Severe headache, blurred vision and nausea.

Diagnosis: MRI, angiography and CT.

Treatment: Surgical clipping or endovascular coiling.

Chronic inflammation of the meibomian glands.

Symptoms: A painless eyelid lump.

Treatment: Warm compresses, massage and surgical drainage if persistent.

A benign tumour of melanocytes in the choroid.

Symptoms: Often none.

Treatment: Monitoring.

A malignant tumour of the choroid.

Causes: Genetic mutations in melanocytes.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and blind spots.

Treatment: Radiotherapy, surgery or enucleation.

Secondary malignant tumours in the choroid.

Causes: Breast or lung cancer.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and blind spots.

Treatment: Radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

A benign pigmented lesion in the choroid.

Symptoms: Generally none.

Treatment: Regular monitoring.

A benign choroidal tumour made of bone tissue.

Symptoms: Visual changes and blind spots.

Treatment: Monitoring; laser.

A rare, severe type of headache occurring in cycles.

Causes: Probable hypothalamic dysfunction.

Symptoms: Excruciating pain around the eye, tearing and nasal congestion.

Treatment: Oxygen therapy, triptans and preventive treatment.

Abnormal blood vessels accumulating in the retina in children.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, strabismus and a white pupillary reflex.

Treatment: Laser treatment or cryotherapy.

Accumulation of sebum in hair follicles around the eyes.

Symptoms: Blackheads or whiteheads.

Treatment: Cleansing, topical medication and peels.

Partial or complete absence of the iris.

Causes: Mutations in the PAX6 gene.

Symptoms: Light sensitivity, reduced vision and a predisposition to glaucoma and cataract.

Treatment: Protective lenses, procedures for complications and monitoring.

Clouding of the lens present at birth.

Causes: Prenatal infections or genetic diseases.

Symptoms: Reduced vision, strabismus and an abnormal pupillary reflex.

Treatment: Early surgery.

Glaucoma present from birth.

Causes: Developmental abnormalities of the eye's drainage system.

Symptoms: Enlarged eyes and corneal clouding.

Treatment: Early surgery.

A rare congenital benign retinal tumour.

Causes: Congenital developmental abnormalities.

Symptoms: Often none; possible distorted vision.

Diagnosis: Ophthalmic examination and retinal imaging.

Treatment: Regular monitoring.

A syndrome caused by maternal rubella, with ocular manifestations.

Symptoms: Cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy and deafness.

Treatment: Symptom management.

Increased vascular prominence in the conjunctiva.

Causes: Irritation, allergies, dryness or infection.

Symptoms: Redness, itching and tearing.

Treatment: Lubricants and antihistamines.

A benign pigmented lesion of the conjunctiva.

Symptoms: A visible pigmented spot.

Treatment: Monitoring; biopsy if suspicious.

A benign conjunctival lesion, possibly related to HPV.

Symptoms: Soft nodules.

Treatment: Surgical excision.

Dryness of the conjunctiva.

Causes: Sjögren syndrome or nutritional deficiencies.

Symptoms: Burning, itching and dryness.

Treatment: Artificial tears.

A superficial injury to the cornea.

Causes: Trauma, accidental scratches, foreign bodies or improper contact lens use.

Symptoms: Pain, redness, excessive tearing, light sensitivity and a foreign-body sensation.

Diagnosis: Slit-lamp examination and fluorescein staining.

Treatment: Lubricating drops and topical antibiotics; eye patching in severe cases.

A foreign object on the corneal surface.

Symptoms: Pain, tearing and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Mechanical removal and antibiotics.

Fluid accumulation in the corneal stroma.

Causes: Trauma, glaucoma or endothelial dysfunction.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and pain.

Treatment: Medication or surgery.

A serious eye emergency involving rupture of the cornea.

Causes: Trauma or infection.

Symptoms: Severe pain and impaired vision.

Treatment: Emergency surgery.

An open corneal lesion caused by infection or trauma.

Symptoms: Severe pain, light sensitivity and blurred vision.

Treatment: Antibiotics, antifungals or surgery.

Corneal dryness caused by insufficient tears.

Causes: Vitamin A deficiency or dry eye.

Symptoms: A foreign-body sensation and blurred vision.

Treatment: Lubricants and supplements.

A benign but invasive tumour near the pituitary gland.

Symptoms: Headache, visual disturbances and hormonal imbalances.

Treatment: Surgery or radiotherapy.

A small cyst caused by blockage of the eyelid's apocrine sweat glands.

Symptoms: A transparent, painless lump.

Treatment: Drainage or surgical removal.

A benign cyst arising from the eyelid's sebaceous glands.

Symptoms: A small, soft, painless lump.

Treatment: Surgical removal.

Fluid accumulation in the macula with cysts.

Causes: Eye surgery or inflammation.

Symptoms: Blurred, distorted central vision.

Treatment: Intravitreal injections and topical medication.

A severe retinal CMV infection in immunocompromised people.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and blind spots.

Treatment: Systemic or intravitreal antivirals.

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland.

Causes: Viruses such as Epstein-Barr or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Pain, eyelid swelling and fever.

Treatment: Antibiotics, antivirals or steroids.

Infection or inflammation of the lacrimal sac.

Causes: Nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Symptoms: Pain, swelling and purulent discharge.

Treatment: Antibiotics, drainage or surgery.

A benign cystic lesion of the lacrimal system.

Symptoms: A painless lump.

Treatment: Surgery if symptomatic.

Severe progressive myopia with retinal complications.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and risk of retinal detachment.

Treatment: Monitoring and preventive treatments.

A benign lesion formed from ectopic tissue in the orbital region.

Symptoms: A visible lump.

Treatment: Surgical removal.

Damage to retinal blood vessels caused by diabetes.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, blind spots and vision loss.

Treatment: Blood glucose control, laser or intravitreal injections.

Macular damage caused by medication side effects.

Causes: Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine or tamoxifen.

Symptoms: Blurred central vision.

Treatment: Discontinuing the medication.

Insufficient lubrication of the ocular surface.

Causes: Meibomian gland dysfunction, ageing or screen use.

Symptoms: Burning, itching and a foreign-body sensation.

Treatment: Artificial tears and anti-inflammatory medication.

Chronic insufficient lubrication of the ocular surface.

Symptoms: Dryness, burning and itching.

Treatment: Artificial tears and targeted treatments.

A congenital abnormality limiting sideways eye movement.

Symptoms: Restricted lateral eye movement and retraction.

Treatment: Corrective surgery.

An idiopathic inflammatory disease of the retinal blood vessels.

Symptoms: Floaters and blurred vision.

Treatment: Steroids, anti-VEGF therapy or laser.

A benign cyst arising from the eyelid's eccrine sweat glands.

Symptoms: Transparent, painless nodules.

Treatment: Surgical excision.

Displacement of the lens from its normal position.

Causes: Marfan syndrome or trauma.

Symptoms: Blurred or double vision.

Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses or surgery.

Outward turning of the lower eyelid.

Causes: Ageing, trauma or facial paralysis.

Symptoms: Irritation, dryness and redness.

Treatment: Lubricants or surgical correction.

Increased pressure in the episcleral veins.

Causes: Carotid-cavernous fistulas or vascular malformations.

Symptoms: Vascular congestion and red eyes.

Treatment: Management of the underlying causes.

Inward turning of the eyelid margin.

Causes: Ageing, scarring or spasms.

Symptoms: Tearing and irritation.

Treatment: Lubricants or surgical correction.

A congenital benign tumour formed from ectopic tissue near the conjunctiva.

Symptoms: A visible mass.

Treatment: Surgical removal if symptomatic.

A keratin-filled skin cyst around the eye.

Symptoms: A smooth, mobile, painless lump.

Treatment: Drainage or surgical removal.

Excessive tearing.

Causes: Tear drainage obstruction, allergies or infections.

Symptoms: Persistent tearing and redness.

Treatment: Management of the cause; dacryocystorhinostomy.

A thin layer of fibrocellular tissue on the retina.

Causes: Ageing, inflammation or vitreous detachment.

Symptoms: Distorted vision.

Treatment: Vitrectomy.

Mild inflammation of the episclera.

Causes: Autoimmune or idiopathic.

Symptoms: Redness and mild pain.

Treatment: Topical anti-inflammatory medication.

Convergent strabismus, with an eye turning inwards.

Causes: Muscular, refractive or neurological abnormalities.

Symptoms: Double vision and amblyopia in children.

Treatment: Glasses, vision therapy or surgery.

Abnormal protrusion of the eyes.

Causes: Hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease), tumours or trauma.

Symptoms: Protruding eyes, dryness and double vision.

Treatment: Antithyroid medication, steroids or surgery.

Divergent strabismus, with an eye turning outwards.

Symptoms: Double vision and difficulty focusing.

Treatment: Glasses, vision therapy or surgery.

Infestation of the eyelashes by Demodex mites.

Symptoms: Itching, redness and crusting.

Treatment: Careful cleaning and acaricidal ointments.

A benign eyelid growth, often related to HPV.

Symptoms: Wart-like or papillary lesions.

Treatment: Surgical removal or cryotherapy.

An eyelid pulled upwards or downwards, exposing more sclera.

Causes: Thyroid disorders or scarring.

Symptoms: Ocular exposure and dryness.

Treatment: Surgery or management of the cause.

Flashes without an external visual stimulus.

Causes: Vitreous detachment, retinal traction or migraine.

Symptoms: Sudden flashes with floaters.

Treatment: Monitoring or ophthalmic procedures.

Moving opacities perceived in the visual field.

Causes: Ageing, vitreous detachment or trauma.

Symptoms: Moving threads or dots.

Treatment: Usually unnecessary.

Progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, worse in the morning.

Treatment: Saline eye drops or corneal transplantation.

Chronic uveitis with heterochromia.

Symptoms: Mild discomfort, blurred vision and cataract.

Treatment: Steroids and management of complications.

A variant of Stargardt disease.

Causes: Mutations in the ABCA4 gene.

Symptoms: Progressive central vision loss.

Treatment: No cure; visual aids.

A fungal infection of the cornea.

Causes: Aspergillus or Fusarium following trauma or contact lens use.

Symptoms: Severe pain, light sensitivity and blurred vision.

Treatment: Topical antifungals; surgery in severe cases.

Secondary glaucoma caused by degenerated blood cells.

Causes: Eye trauma with haemorrhage.

Symptoms: Discomfort, redness and blurred vision.

Treatment: Pressure-lowering medication or surgery.

An inflammatory conjunctival reaction to contact lenses.

Symptoms: Itching, redness and a foreign-body sensation.

Treatment: Stopping contact lens wear and anti-inflammatory medication.

Damage to the optic nerve caused by elevated eye pressure.

Symptoms: Initially symptom-free, followed by peripheral vision loss.

Treatment: Pressure-lowering drops, laser or surgery.

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism with exophthalmos.

Symptoms: Palpitations, protruding eyes and double vision.

Treatment: Antithyroid medication, radioactive iodine and ophthalmic management.

Autoimmune orbital inflammation associated with Graves' disease.

Symptoms: Protruding eyes, double vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Steroids, thyroid management or surgery.

A rare genetic disease involving progressive retinal degeneration.

Causes: A defect in ornithine metabolism.

Symptoms: Night blindness and peripheral vision loss.

Treatment: A low-arginine diet and vitamin B6.

Corneal inflammation associated with shingles affecting the ophthalmic nerve.

Causes: Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus.

Symptoms: Pain, skin eruptions and blurred vision.

Treatment: Oral antivirals and corticosteroids.

Different colours in the eyes or in part of the iris.

Causes: Genetic factors, trauma or disease.

Symptoms: Generally none.

Treatment: Only if there is an underlying disease.

A latent form of strabismus.

Symptoms: Eye strain and intermittent double vision.

Treatment: Prism glasses or vision therapy.

Inability to move the eyes horizontally.

Causes: Neurological lesions in the brainstem.

Symptoms: Double vision and inability to look sideways.

Treatment: Neurological treatment.

Ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis caused by autonomic nervous system injury.

Symptoms: A drooping eyelid and constricted pupil.

Treatment: Management of the cause.

Blurred near vision.

Causes: A shorter eyeball.

Symptoms: Difficulty reading and eye strain.

Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses or surgery.

A combined refractive error.

Symptoms: Blurred vision at all distances.

Treatment: Glasses, toric lenses or surgery.

Hyperopia worsened by presbyopia.

Symptoms: Marked difficulty with near vision.

Treatment: Bifocal glasses or surgery.

Damage to retinal blood vessels caused by chronic hypertension.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and retinal haemorrhages.

Treatment: Blood pressure control.

Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Causes: Eye trauma or surgery.

Symptoms: Redness and reduced vision.

Treatment: Rest, medication or surgery.

Non-specific inflammation of the orbital tissues.

Symptoms: Orbital pain, swelling and double vision.

Treatment: Steroids and immunosuppressants.

Inflammation of the intermediate segment (pars plana and vitreous).

Symptoms: Floaters and reduced vision.

Treatment: Steroids and immunosuppressants.

Abnormal dilation of the internal carotid artery.

Causes: Atherosclerosis, trauma or congenital abnormalities.

Symptoms: Neck pain, visual disturbances and cerebral ischaemia.

Diagnosis: Doppler ultrasound, CT and MR angiography.

Treatment: Surgery or an endovascular stent.

Inflammation of the corneal stroma.

Causes: Syphilis, herpes or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Light sensitivity, pain and reduced vision.

Treatment: Topical or systemic steroids with antibiotics or antivirals.

A foreign object inside the eye.

Causes: Accidents or metal fragments.

Symptoms: Severe pain and impaired vision.

Treatment: Urgent surgical removal.

Displacement of an implanted lens after cataract surgery.

Symptoms: Blurred or double vision.

Treatment: Surgical repositioning or replacement.

Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.

Causes: Infection, trauma or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Pain, redness and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Steroids and cycloplegics.

A benign cyst on the iris.

Symptoms: Often none.

Treatment: Monitoring or surgical removal.

A malignant tumour of the iris.

Symptoms: Irregular pigmented lesions and vision loss.

Treatment: Surgical resection or radiotherapy.

A benign pigmented lesion on the iris.

Symptoms: Generally none.

Treatment: Regular monitoring.

Growths on the iris.

Causes: Infection, autoimmune disease or tumours.

Symptoms: May be absent.

Treatment: Management of the cause.

Inflammation limited to the iris.

Causes: Infection, trauma or rheumatic disease.

Symptoms: Eye discomfort, light sensitivity and reduced vision.

Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medication and cycloplegics.

Chronic joint inflammation in children.

Causes: An abnormal autoimmune response.

Symptoms: Joint pain, swelling, stiffness, fever and uveitis.

Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants and physiotherapy.

A rare benign inflammatory iris lesion in children.

Symptoms: Yellowish-red nodules and hyphaema.

Treatment: Observation or surgery.

Progressive thinning and cone-shaped deformation of the cornea.

Symptoms: Distorted vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Rigid contact lenses, corneal cross-linking or transplantation.

An extremely thin, globular cornea.

Causes: Genetic factors or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, light sensitivity and risk of perforation.

Treatment: Protective glasses or corneal transplantation.

A rare malignant tumour of the lacrimal gland.

Symptoms: Proptosis, pain, swelling and double vision.

Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

A partial-thickness macular hole.

Causes: Degeneration or vitreoretinal traction.

Symptoms: Mildly blurred vision.

Treatment: Observation or surgery.

A rare genetic condition involving protein deposits in the cornea.

Symptoms: Reduced vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Lubricants or corneal surgery.

A rare genetic disease causing blindness from birth.

Causes: Mutations that damage retinal photoreceptors.

Symptoms: Severely reduced vision and nystagmus.

Diagnosis: Genetic testing and ophthalmic examinations.

Treatment: Experimental gene therapies.

Rapid central vision loss caused by a mitochondrial mutation.

Symptoms: Acute reduction in central vision.

Treatment: Experimental gene therapy.

A rare conjunctivitis involving fibrotic membranes.

Causes: Plasminogen deficiency.

Symptoms: Whitish lesions, swelling and redness.

Treatment: Surgical removal, plasminogen and steroids.

A benign pigmented lesion on the macula.

Symptoms: Generally none.

Treatment: Monitoring.

A break in the macula.

Causes: Vitreoretinal traction or trauma.

Symptoms: Distorted vision and a central dark spot.

Treatment: Vitrectomy.

Swelling of the macula due to fluid accumulation.

Causes: Diabetes, uveitis or venous thrombosis.

Symptoms: Blurred and distorted vision.

Treatment: Laser or intravitreal injections.

Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows.

Causes: Alopecia, infections or tumours.

Treatment: Depends on the cause.

A cyst caused by blockage of the meibomian glands.

Symptoms: A painless lump that may become infected.

Treatment: Warm compresses or surgical drainage.

A viral skin infection of the eyelids caused by a poxvirus.

Symptoms: Painless pearly nodules.

Treatment: Curettage or cryotherapy.

Conjunctival inflammation caused by Poxviridae.

Symptoms: Pearly nodules on the eyelids and redness.

Treatment: Curettage or cryotherapy.

An autoimmune disease involving blistering conjunctival lesions.

Symptoms: Redness, conjunctival scarring and dryness.

Treatment: Systemic steroids and immunosuppressants.

Multifocal inflammation of the choroid.

Causes: Autoimmune disease or systemic infections.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, blind spots and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.

An autoimmune disease of the central nervous system associated with optic neuritis.

Symptoms: Double vision and temporary or permanent vision loss.

Treatment: Immunomodulators and steroids.

An autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular transmission.

Symptoms: Drooping eyelids, double vision and muscle fatigue.

Treatment: Anticholinesterases and immunosuppressants.

A refractive error causing blurred distance vision.

Causes: An elongated eyeball.

Symptoms: Difficulty seeing at a distance and eye strain.

Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses or LASIK.

A combination of myopia and astigmatism.

Symptoms: Blurred and distorted vision.

Treatment: Corrective lenses or surgery.

Blockage of the tear drainage system.

Symptoms: Excessive tearing and purulent discharge.

Treatment: Massage; dacryocystorhinostomy.

Blocked tear drainage.

Symptoms: Persistent tearing and discharge.

Treatment: Massage or surgical dacryocystorhinostomy.

An advanced form of AMD with abnormal blood vessel growth.

Symptoms: Distorted vision and a central dark spot.

Treatment: Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.

Glaucoma caused by abnormal blood vessel growth.

Causes: Diabetic retinopathy or retinal thrombosis.

Symptoms: Severe discomfort and elevated pressure.

Treatment: Management of the cause, medication and surgery.

Reduced blood flow to the optic nerve.

Causes: Hypertension, diabetes or sleep apnoea.

Symptoms: Painless vision loss on waking.

Treatment: Management of risk factors.

Corneal inflammation due to trauma, dryness or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Redness, a foreign-body sensation and blurred vision.

Treatment: Lubricants and topical anti-inflammatory medication.

An early form involving microaneurysms and bleeding.

Symptoms: Often none.

Treatment: Strict blood glucose control.

Involuntary rhythmic eye movements.

Causes: Congenital conditions, neurological disorders or medication.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and oscillopsia.

Treatment: Special glasses, vision therapy or surgery.

A rare fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus in immunocompromised people.

Symptoms: Eye discomfort and blurred vision.

Treatment: Systemic antifungals.

A parasitic eye infection caused by Taenia solium.

Causes: Contaminated food or water.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and eye discomfort.

Treatment: Antiparasitic medication; surgery may be needed.

A chronic fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and blind spots.

Treatment: Antifungals and intravitreal injections.

Elevated intraocular pressure without evident damage.

Symptoms: Generally none.

Treatment: Pressure-lowering drops and monitoring.

A multisystem inflammatory disease involving uveitis.

Symptoms: Eye discomfort, blurred vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Systemic steroids.

Abnormal head posture caused by eye alignment problems.

Symptoms: Neck pain and a tilted head posture.

Treatment: Surgery or vision therapy.

An eye infection caused by Toxocara larvae.

Symptoms: Eye inflammation and blurred vision.

Treatment: Steroids and antiparasitic medication.

A retinal infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

Causes: Contaminated food or congenital transmission.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Antiparasitic medication and steroids.

A severe orbital fungal infection caused by Mucorales in immunocompromised people.

Symptoms: Orbital swelling, necrosis and reduced vision.

Treatment: Systemic antifungals and surgery.

A genetic condition with reduced melanin production.

Causes: Genetic defects.

Symptoms: Light skin and hair, light sensitivity, reduced visual acuity and nystagmus.

Treatment: Corrective lenses, sun protection and regular examinations.

Eye inflammation in newborns due to infections acquired at birth.

Symptoms: Purulent discharge and swelling.

Treatment: Specific antibiotics.

Paralysis of the extraocular muscles.

Causes: Neurological injury, trauma or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Double vision and difficulty moving the eyes.

Treatment: Depends on the cause.

Degeneration of the optic nerve.

Causes: Genetic disorders, ischaemia, toxicity or compression.

Symptoms: Progressive vision loss.

Treatment: Depends on the cause.

Displacement of the optic nerve from its normal position.

Causes: Trauma, congenital abnormalities or surgery.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and peripheral vision loss.

Treatment: Surgery or rehabilitation.

Swelling of the optic nerve due to raised intracranial pressure.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, headache and papilloedema.

Treatment: Management of the cause.

A benign tumour around the optic nerve.

Symptoms: Progressive vision loss and proptosis.

Treatment: Radiotherapy or observation.

Inflammation of the optic nerve.

Causes: Multiple sclerosis or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Eye pain and blurred vision.

Treatment: Corticosteroids.

A severe fungal infection of the orbit.

Causes: Aspergillus in immunocompromised people.

Symptoms: Eye discomfort, swelling, proptosis and vision loss.

Treatment: Systemic antifungals and surgery.

A serious infection of the soft tissues of the orbit.

Causes: Bacterial infections spreading from the paranasal sinuses.

Symptoms: Swelling, redness, proptosis and fever.

Treatment: Intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage.

Dilated orbital veins with intermittent proptosis.

Causes: Congenital vascular abnormalities.

Symptoms: Orbital swelling and pain.

Treatment: Monitoring or surgery.

Swelling of the optic disc due to raised intracranial pressure.

Causes: Brain tumours, meningitis or hydrocephalus.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and headache.

Treatment: Management of the cause.

Strabismus caused by paralysis of eye muscles.

Causes: Neurological injury or trauma.

Symptoms: Double vision and difficulty moving the eyes.

Treatment: Prisms or surgery.

A mucus-filled cyst that compresses ocular structures.

Symptoms: Proptosis, double vision and pain.

Treatment: Endoscopic surgery.

Intraocular inflammation caused by parasites.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, light sensitivity and pain.

Treatment: Antiparasitic medication and steroids.

Peripheral corneal thinning with irregular astigmatism.

Symptoms: Blurred vision.

Treatment: Rigid lenses or corneal transplantation.

A rare congenital condition involving persistence of the primary vitreous.

Symptoms: A white pupillary reflex, reduced vision and microphthalmia.

Treatment: Surgery.

A congenital corneal malformation with central opacity.

Causes: Abnormal embryonic development.

Symptoms: Impaired vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Corneal transplantation in severe cases.

Glaucoma caused by a hypermature cataract.

Causes: A degenerated lens releasing proteins.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and pain.

Treatment: Surgical lens removal.

Conjunctival inflammation caused by UV exposure.

Symptoms: Redness, burning and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Rest, lubricants and eye protection.

Perception of flashes of light without a real stimulus.

Causes: Vitreous detachment, migraine or trauma.

Symptoms: Brief flashes in the visual field.

Treatment: Depends on the cause.

Glaucoma caused by accumulation of pigment granules.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and peripheral vision loss.

Treatment: Eye drops, laser or surgery.

A yellowish conjunctival lesion near the cornea.

Causes: Chronic exposure to UV, wind or dust.

Symptoms: Often none, or mild irritation.

Treatment: Lubricants; surgery if symptomatic.

A benign tumour of the pituitary gland.

Causes: Genetic and hormonal factors.

Symptoms: Headache, visual field loss and hormonal imbalances.

Diagnosis: MRI, CT and blood tests.

Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy or medication.

A slow-growing benign tumour of the lacrimal gland.

Causes: Possible genetic or environmental links.

Symptoms: A palpable mass in the orbital region and proptosis.

Diagnosis: CT/MRI and biopsy.

Treatment: Complete surgical removal.

A common complication after cataract surgery.

Symptoms: Progressive blurred vision.

Treatment: YAG laser capsulotomy.

Eye inflammation after surgery.

Symptoms: Pain, redness and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Steroids and antibiotics.

Age-related loss of near focusing ability.

Causes: Ageing of the lens.

Symptoms: Difficulty reading and eye strain.

Treatment: Reading glasses, bifocals or surgery.

An acquired pigmented conjunctival lesion with malignant potential.

Symptoms: Irregular pigmented patches.

Treatment: Monitoring or biopsy.

The most common form of glaucoma.

Symptoms: No early symptoms; progressive peripheral vision loss.

Treatment: Eye drops, laser or surgery.

Rapidly progressive retinal necrosis in immunocompromised people.

Symptoms: Rapid vision loss.

Treatment: High-dose antivirals.

An advanced form involving abnormal blood vessel growth.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and vision loss.

Treatment: Laser, anti-VEGF therapy or surgery.

A complication of retinal detachment involving fibrous membranes.

Symptoms: Severely impaired vision.

Treatment: Vitrectomy.

Glaucoma caused by fibrillar material in the drainage system.

Symptoms: Elevated pressure and visual field loss.

Treatment: Medication, laser or surgery.

Fibrovascular growth extending from the conjunctiva onto the cornea.

Causes: UV exposure, wind or dust.

Symptoms: A foreign-body sensation and redness.

Treatment: Surgery in advanced cases.

Drooping of the upper eyelid over the pupil.

Causes: Congenital conditions, nerve injury or ageing.

Symptoms: Obstructed vision and altered appearance.

Treatment: Corrective surgery.

Glaucoma caused by obstruction of aqueous humour flow.

Symptoms: Acute discomfort, blurred vision and nausea.

Treatment: Laser iridotomy or surgery.

Problems focusing light on the retina.

Symptoms: Blurred vision, eye strain and headache.

Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.

A benign retinal tumour arising from glial cells.

Causes: Often associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Symptoms: Usually none; possible blurred vision.

Treatment: Monitoring or surgery for complications.

Separation of the retina from its underlying layer.

Causes: High myopia, trauma or degeneration.

Symptoms: Flashes of light and shadows in the visual field.

Treatment: Laser, vitrectomy or scleral buckling.

Insufficient blood supply to the retina.

Causes: Thrombosis, emboli, hypertension or diabetes.

Symptoms: Sudden vision loss.

Treatment: Management of the cause.

A tear in the retina that may lead to detachment.

Symptoms: Floaters and flashes of light.

Treatment: Laser or surgery.

Progressive genetic degeneration of the photoreceptors.

Symptoms: Night blindness and peripheral vision loss.

Treatment: No current cure; visual aids.

A rare malignant retinal tumour in children.

Causes: RB1 gene mutations.

Symptoms: A white pupillary reflex and strabismus.

Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiotherapy or enucleation.

Abnormal development of retinal blood vessels in premature babies.

Symptoms: Vision loss in severe cases.

Treatment: Laser treatment or intravitreal injections.

Splitting of the retinal layers.

Causes: Congenital or degenerative.

Symptoms: Blind spots and reduced vision.

Treatment: Observation or surgery.

A chronic autoimmune disease involving joint inflammation.

Causes: Genetic, hormonal and environmental factors.

Symptoms: Joint pain, swelling and morning stiffness; the eyes may also be affected.

Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants and physiotherapy.

A severe fungal infection of the orbit in immunocompromised people.

Symptoms: Orbital swelling, necrosis and vision loss.

Treatment: Systemic antifungals and surgery.

Severe inflammation of the sclera.

Causes: Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or vasculitis.

Symptoms: Severe pain and redness.

Treatment: Steroids and immunosuppressants.

A small sebum-containing cyst around the eye.

Symptoms: A soft, painless lump.

Treatment: Drainage or surgical removal.

Chronic inflammation with scaling in sebaceous areas.

Symptoms: Yellowish scales, redness and itching.

Treatment: Medicated shampoos and antifungals.

Glaucoma arising from other eye or systemic conditions.

Causes: Uveitis, trauma or corticosteroids.

Treatment: Management of the cause and intraocular pressure.

Retinal damage from looking directly at the sun.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and central blind spots.

Treatment: Symptom management.

An aggressive malignant eyelid tumour.

Causes: UV exposure, HPV or immunosuppression.

Symptoms: A nodular or ulcerated lesion.

Treatment: Surgery, with or without radiotherapy.

A genetic macular dystrophy.

Causes: Mutations in the ABCA4 gene.

Symptoms: Progressive central vision loss.

Treatment: No cure; visual aids.

A severe drug-related skin reaction involving the eyes.

Symptoms: Dryness, ulceration and conjunctival scarring.

Treatment: Systemic steroids.

Misalignment of the eyes.

Causes: Muscular, refractive or neurological abnormalities.

Symptoms: Double vision and amblyopia.

Treatment: Glasses, vision therapy or surgery.

Superficial opaque streaks on the cornea.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Lubricants or corrective procedures.

An acute infection of an eyelid sebaceous gland.

Causes: Staphylococcus aureus.

Symptoms: Pain, swelling and redness.

Treatment: Warm compresses and topical antibiotics.

Rupture of small blood vessels beneath the conjunctiva.

Causes: Minor trauma, sneezing or hypertension.

Symptoms: A painless bright-red patch.

Treatment: Resolves spontaneously.

Chronic inflammation of the upper cornea and conjunctiva.

Symptoms: Burning, redness and a foreign-body sensation.

Treatment: Lubricants or cauterisation.

Adhesion between the eyelid and eyeball conjunctiva due to scarring.

Causes: Chemical burns, trauma or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Restricted eye movement.

Treatment: Reconstructive surgery.

An autoimmune reaction in the healthy eye after trauma to the other eye.

Symptoms: Pain, light sensitivity and bilateral uveitis.

Treatment: Systemic steroids and immunosuppressants.

Optic nerve degeneration caused by toxins or deficiencies.

Causes: Alcoholism or malnutrition.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and central field loss.

Treatment: Supplementation and removal of the toxin.

A chronic bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Symptoms: Conjunctivitis, discharge and corneal scarring.

Treatment: Systemic antibiotics.

Retinal detachment caused by scar-tissue traction.

Causes: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and floaters.

Treatment: Surgical vitrectomy.

Loss of optic nerve function due to trauma.

Symptoms: Sudden vision loss.

Treatment: Steroids or decompression surgery.

Retinal damage caused by eye trauma.

Symptoms: Reduced vision and haemorrhages.

Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medication or surgery.

Abnormal inward growth of the eyelashes.

Symptoms: Redness, tearing and discomfort.

Treatment: Eyelash removal or surgery.

A malignant tumour of the uvea.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and visual field changes.

Treatment: Radiotherapy, surgery or enucleation.

Inflammation of the uvea.

Causes: Infection, trauma or autoimmune disease.

Symptoms: Pain, light sensitivity and blurred vision.

Treatment: Steroids and immunosuppressants.

A seasonal inflammatory disease associated with spring allergies.

Symptoms: Intense itching, light sensitivity and corneal lesions.

Treatment: Antihistamines, mast-cell stabilisers and steroids.

Visual perceptions without real external stimuli.

Causes: Neurological or psychiatric disorders and Charles Bonnet syndrome.

Symptoms: Seeing images that are not there, often in detail.

Diagnosis: Clinical and neurological assessment.

Treatment: Medication or psychological support.

Blood in the vitreous.

Causes: Diabetic retinopathy or trauma.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and floaters.

Treatment: Monitoring; vitrectomy.

An autoimmune disease targeting melanocytes and involving uveitis.

Symptoms: Uveitis, hearing loss and skin lesions.

Treatment: Immunosuppressants and steroids.

Cholesterol deposits on the eyelids.

Causes: Dyslipidaemia or genetic factors.

Symptoms: Soft yellowish plaques, mainly a cosmetic concern.

Treatment: Surgical removal or laser.

Severe eye dryness caused by vitamin A deficiency.

Symptoms: Dryness, corneal opacity and night blindness.

Treatment: Vitamin A supplementation.

Degeneration of peripheral areas of the cornea.

Symptoms: Blurred vision and light sensitivity.

Treatment: Lubricants or corneal surgery.